Annina Loets

PUBLICATIONS

Peer reviewed journal articles:

Intersectional Disadvantage
Australasian Journal of Philosophy, to appear.
[abstract] [local file]

When people simultaneously occupy multiple social identities, ascriptions of disadvantage and advantage, as well as our reasoning with them, need to be handled with care. For instance, as various US-American courts have come to acknowledge, we cannot in general reason from the premise that someone has neither been discriminated against as a woman nor as a Black person to the conclusion that they have not been discriminated against as a Black woman. In this article, I show how, by systematising such qualified ascriptions of disadvantage (and advantage), as well as the patterns of reasoning involving them, we can articulate and defend central theses of intersectionality theory in remarkably general terms, and we can do so without having to commit to a particular metaphysics of intersectional identities.

Agentive Duality Reconsidered (with Julia Zakkou)
2022, Philosophical Studies, 179: 3771–3789.
[abstract]

A growing consensus in the literature on agentive modals has it that ability modals like `can' or `able to' have a dual , i.e. interpretations of `must' or `cannot but' which stand to necessity as ability stands to possibility . We argue that this thesis (which we call `Agentive Duality') is much more controversial than meets the eye. While Agentive Duality follows from the orthodox possibility analysis of ability given natural assumptions, it sits uneasily with a wide range of alternative proposals which are unified by the idea that ability requires control . In particular, we show that against the background of a control requirement on ability, Agentive Duality can be used to derive absurd predictions featuring this dual. Far from being a purely definitional thesis, Agentive Duality thus affords a new lens through which to assess the long-standing debate between possibility analyses of ability and their discontents.

Choice Points for a Theory of Normality
2022, Mind, 131(521): 159–191.
[abstract]

A variety of recent work in epistemology employs a notion of normality to provide novel theories of knowledge or justification. Such theories are often advertised as affording particularly strong epistemic logics, supporting among others the controversial KK principle according to which knowledge iterates freely. However, underlying such stronger epistemic logics are often substantive assumptions about the background notion of normality and its logic. This article takes recent normality based defences of KK as a case study to submit such assumptions to scrutiny. After highlighting a disconnect between the logical forms of normality claims in natural language and those assumed in the literature, I propose a natural way of regimenting normality claims and use that regimentation to isolate a number of choice points regarding the role of contingency, context-sensitivity and similarity in our theorising with normality. While both weaker and stronger logics of normality can be motivated depending on how such choices are resolved, securing logics of normality strong enough for normality to play its envisaged role in epistemology may have unwelcome downstream consequences for the resultant epistemic theories.

Qua Qualification
2021, Philosophers' Imprint 21(27): 1-24.
[abstract]

Qualifications with 'as' or 'qua' are widely used in philosophy. Yet, how precisely such qualifications work is poorly understood. While extant work on the topic is rife with revisionary assumptions about the nature of individuals, truth, and identity, this article shows that no baroque theory is required to account for such qualifications. I develop and defend a simple theory on which qua-qualifications ascribe relational properties to individuals, and show that the proposal affords a clear metaphysical analysis of the puzzle cases of interest. Moreover, the theory makes adequate predictions about the linguistic behaviour and inferential profile of qua-qualifications. Since this is more than any extant competing theory could claim, the proposal offers the best account of qua-qualification to date.

Qua Objects and their Limits
2021, Mind, 130(518): 617-638.
[abstract]

It is both a matter of everyday experience and a tenet of sociological theory that people often occupy a range of social roles and identities, some of which are associated with mutually incompatible properties. But since nothing could have incompatible properties, it is not clear how this is possible. It has been suggested, notably by Kit Fine (1982, 1999, 2006a), that the puzzling relation between a person and their various social roles and identities can be explained by admitting an ontology of social qua-objects--objects constituted by, yet distinct from the persons on which they are based. This article argues that admitting even a rich ontology of such qua-objects does not suffice to explain the puzzle cases of interest. Instead, alternative resources are required, which, once available, diminish the motivation for adopting an ontology of social qua-objects in the first place. The paper concludes by considering whether there remains work for social qua-objects in explaining differences in persistence conditions between a person and the social individuals to which they may give rise, but reaches a negative verdict. Social qua-objects, if they exist, have little work to do in our theorising about the relation between a person and their various social roles and identities.

Handbook articles and other invited publications:

Persons
2024, The Routledge Handbook of Essence in Philosophy, Kathrin Koslicki & Michael Raven (eds).
[abstract]

Like everything, I am something. I am also someone, a person. Many philosophers think that this additional fact about me is of great importance. Some think that by virtue of being a person I have a distinctive moral standing. Some think that by virtue of being a person I could, at least in principle, survive death. Claims such as these are naturally interpreted as being about the nature or essence of persons. In this chapter, I’ll explore various themes in the literature on persons, how they interact with one another, and what implications, if any, they have for wider debates in metaphysics and beyond.

Die allgemeinste objektive Möglichkeit. Replik auf Vetter.
2022, Philosophisches Jahrbuch
[abstract]

Barbara Vetter proposes that certain epistemic and metasemantic challenges to our theorising about metaphysical modality can be met by an approach which generalizes from every day paradigms of objective modality—notably the abilities and dispositions familiar to us "from the context of action"—to give content to the more abstract notion of a most general objective modality: metaphysical modality. I argue that the ability ascriptions which are central to our day to day practical reasoning are permeated with opacity and therefore make for problematic paradigms of an objective modality. While Vetter could retrospectively “purify” her sample of paradigms, this would leave her in a similar position as those who seek to restrict a particularly broad modality, e.g. a priori conceivability, to its objective core. I conclude by taking on Vetter’s pessimistic conjecture that proponents of different approaches to the metasemantic challenge operate under assumptions so dramatically different that we should not expect them to even share a subject matter.

IN PROGRESS

Inexact Ability
[abstract]

Many of our abilities seem to be inexact. For instance, I'm able to raise my voice, but not by a precise decibel level. But inexact abilities seem puzzling. After all, I'm not able to raise my voice without raising it by a precise decibel level. So, if I'm not able to raise my voice by a precise decibel level, how on earth am I able to raise my voice? While the problem of inexact ability is widely viewed as motivating revisionary logics and semantics of ability, this paper presents a logically and semantically conservative solution to the puzzle which explains the inexactness of ability via the inexactness of intentional action.

Possibility Plenitude (with Alex Roberts)
[abstract]

We explore a logically and ideologically conservative solution to the paradoxes of modal variation against the background of a metaphysical generalisation we call `Possibility Plenitude', roughly, the view that there are innumerably many distinct modalities taking different opinions on the modal profile of any given individual.

Against State Semantics of Qualification
[abstract]

What do sentences like 'Socrates qua philosopher is wise' or 'John is corrupt as a judge' mean? It's been argued (notably by Szabo 2003) that state semantics affords a plausible semantic theory of the qualifiers 'as' or 'qua'. On this view, to be F as or qua G is to be F in a G-state. This paper argues that such proposals either yield unwelcome predictions about the truth-conditions and logic of qualification, or next to no predictions at all. I conclude that the mistake stems from an attempt to analyse being F as a G in terms of being F simpliciter.

Aspects and the (In)discernibility of Identicals
[abstract]

According to Donald Baxter, one and the same thing can differ from itself by having aspects which differ, where such aspects are nevertheless numerically identical to that thing. A proposal like this is easily dismissed as crazy or unintelligible. The aim of this paper is to twofold: First, to show how Baxter's aspect theory can be developed in a consistent way. Secondly, to raise serious questions about its motivation and descriptive adequacy.